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 Sarah A. Morrow, MD, MS, FRCPC (Neurology), 339 Windermere Rd., London Health Sciences Center, London, ON N5A 5A5, Canada; e-mail: 

Posterior Fossa Lesion Load and Pathological Laughing and Crying in Multiple Sclerosis

People with moderate to severe multiple sclerosis (MS) and their family care partners do not engage in sufficient physical activity (PA) for health benefits. Dyadic PA interventions need to be developed to benefit each individual and the dyad. The objective of this study was to engage expert stakeholders in prioritizing and refining key intervention content, delivery methods, and the practical/logistical aspects of a dyadic PA intervention for persons with MS and their care partners.

Thirty-two stakeholders (14 clinicians, 11 people with MS, 5 MS care partners, and 2 representatives of organizations that provide support services for people with MS and/or MS care partners) completed 2 rounds of a modified e-Delphi survey. In round 1, participants rated items across 3 domains: key intervention content (n = 8), delivery methods (n = 9), and practical/logistical aspects (n = 4). Participants contributed additional ideas about these domains, which were incorporated into round 2. Items that did not reach consensus in round 1 were forwarded to round 2 for rerating. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis.

A 24-item list of recommendations was generated, including ensuring that presentation of the intervention content encouraged lifestyle activities in addition to exercise, using videoconferencing rather than teleconferencing as a delivery platform, and stressing the importance of flexibility during the support calls.

Feedback will be used to improve the quality of the intervention. The next step in this line of research involves evaluating the refined intervention in a pilot feasibility trial.

From the School of Rehabilitation Therapy (AF, MF) and the School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (AEL-C), Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada; the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences (OM, RK, LAP), Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science (RK), Faculty of Medicine (MSF), and Brain and Mind Research Institute (LAP), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada (MSF). 

 Afolasade Fakolade, PhD, School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Louise D. Acton Building, 31 George St, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; 

 The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

The pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS), including neurotoxicity, inflammation, and neurodegeneration, contributes to a complex array of heterogeneous symptoms and disability.

 With increasing disability, many people with MS have difficulty with completing daily activities and maintaining social relationships.

 These individuals require ongoing support to manage associated life roles as the disease progresses and disability accumulates. Informal care partners (ie, family or close friends) are the main providers of support for people living with MS.

 Many care partners, particularly those caring for persons with moderate to severe MS (ie, significant walking limitations that require support for gait), experience poor physical and mental health outcomes due to their caregiving role.

 For example, approximately 50% to 70% of care partners of people with severe MS experience anxiety and depression.

 This evidence points to the need for effective health promotion strategies for these groups.

Despite advances in the pharmacologic treatment of MS, disease-modifying therapies have limited long-term efficacy in preventing the accumulation of disability.

 Best practices for comprehensive MS care recommend a combination of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches.

 Physical activity (PA) is a health-promoting behavior in the general population, and a cost-effective, nonpharmacologic approach for managing the impact of MS.

 Although there is growing evidence for the benefits of PA, people living with MS have consistently reported low PA levels compared with the general population.

 There is also evidence that care partners of persons with moderate to severe MS disability do not engage in sufficient PA for health benefits.

 These findings demonstrate the importance of acknowledging the unique interrelatedness of health outcomes among MS dyads. Findings also underscore an opportunity for dyadic PA to improve the health of both partners.

In response, we developed Physical Activity Together for MS (PAT-MS), a group-based, remote-delivered, dyadic PA intervention for people with moderate to severe MS and their care partners. We applied the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework

 to guide the design and development of PAT-MS. The MRC framework provides an iterative process to developing complex interventions. The framework consists of 4 cyclical phases: (1) development (identifying existing evidence and theory, applying theory to develop the intervention, and modeling processes and outcomes); (2) feasibility/piloting (testing procedures for feasibility and acceptability); (3) evaluation (understanding the process of change and assessing effectiveness and cost-effectiveness); and (4) implementation (assessing and monitoring long-term effectiveness and dissemination).

, available below this article, illustrates the MRC framework, highlighting the developmental process of PAT-MS.

The full details of the PAT-MS intervention content, including theoretical frameworks, are reported in the published protocol.

 In brief, the content and processes of PAT-MS are theoretically grounded in the Theory of Dyadic Illness Management (TDIM),

 with direction from social cognitive theory (SCT)

 The basic tenet of TDIM is that the way that dyads affected by chronic diseases (eg, MS) appraise disease impact as an interdependent team influences how they engage in health-promoting behaviors (eg, PA), which, in turn, influences dyadic health.

 The TDIM emphasizes the importance of targeting both partners simultaneously to ensure sustainable change in health outcomes for each individual and for the dyad. We used SCT

 to identify key theoretical constructs (eg, self-efficacy from SCT; relatedness and intrinsic motivation from SDT) that influence PA behavior to be included in PAT-MS. Also, SCT

 provided guidance for selecting behavior change techniques (eg, goal setting, problem-solving, and behavioral practice)

 to alter or redirect causal processes that regulate PA behavior (see Table 1 in the published protocol

 for details of behavior change techniques in PAT-MS). PAT-MS includes 3 main components: (1) education (ie, provision of information about PA, shared disease appraisal, and benefits of shared participation in PA as a dyadic coping strategy); (2) guidance from a trained activity coach (ie, an activity coach will provide verbal and written instruction, including behavioral strategies commonly used in dyadic health interventions for persons with neurologic conditions and their care partners

); and (3) social support (ie, provision of practical, emotional, and informational support, including links to community resources for continued PA participation and opportunities to learn from other group members).

Initial works related to the development of PAT-MS have also been published, including a staged needs assessment process to explore dyadic PA

 and a systematic review that provided theoretical understanding of behavioral strategies for change.

 The present study represents step III (modeling processes and outcomes) of the developmental phase. This step involves defining and combining the components of the intervention and identifying potential intervention vulnerabilities.

 Specifically, the most relevant intervention components and ways to tailor and refine intervention contents are identified during this step.

 Researchers have reported the use of various methods, including but not limited to a Delphi consensus process to prioritize and refine intervention components during the modeling step.

 Importantly, the Delphi consensus process provides a pragmatic and flexible methodological tool for engaging a broad range of stakeholders in intervention development work.

 The objective of this Delphi study was to engage people with MS, MS care partners, clinicians, and service providers in prioritizing and refining key content, delivery, and practical/logistical aspects of the PAT-MS intervention.

 the design process involved creating initial survey items based on previous intervention development research

 and the preliminary PAT-MS intervention manual.

Heterogeneous groups (eg, stakeholders from different disciplines) of approximately 30 participants are recommended to provide a range of perspectives and to improve the reliability of the findings.

 We aimed to recruit a purposive sample of 30 participants from 4 stakeholder groups to maximize patient, professional, and public engagement. The stakeholder groups included people living with MS, MS care partners, clinicians with MS-specific knowledge and practice, and representatives of community organizations that provide support services for people with MS and/or MS care partners. The recruitment strategies and inclusion criteria for each stakeholder group are outlined in 

We decided, a priori, to conduct a 2-round e-Delphi survey, with the possibility of a third round for items with no consensus after round 2. Prospective participants were sent electronic invitations that included a study summary, a PDF copy of the preliminary PAT-MS manual, and a personalized survey link via SurveyMonkey (Momentive, Inc). Participants confirmed eligibility and indicated consent online before completing the round 1 survey. Participants who completed the round 1 survey received a personalized email link to the round 2 survey. Participants were provided their previous responses and a summary of the group responses to items from the round 1 survey that required rerating. Each survey round took 20 to 30 minutes to complete and was open for 2 weeks. There was a 2-week interval between survey rounds for data analysis and subsequent survey development. The survey rounds were completed during the COVID-19 lockdown between August 2020 and October 2020. Three research team members tested each survey round to ensure face and content validity and accessibility for participants.

 After the survey was developed, we used an online resource (http://www.readabilityformulas.com/free-readability-formula-tests.php) to improve the readability of the questions. Participants received up to $100 in online gift cards for completing the study. Ethics approval was obtained from the University of Ottawa Science and Health Sciences Research Ethics Board.

The round 1 survey consisted of 4 sections. Section 1 collected demographic information, including evidence of relevant expertise. Section 2 presented 8 questions about content that should be included in PAT-MS and asked participants to rate the importance of each item using a 7-point scale (1 = not a priority and 7 = essential priority). Section 3 presented 9 questions about how PAT-MS should be delivered and asked participants to rate each item using the same 7-point scale. Section 4 presented 4 questions about practical/logistical aspects and asked participants to rate their level of satisfaction with each item on a 7-point scale (1 = very dissatisfied and 7 = very satisfied). Participants were asked to provide qualitative feedback, including rationale for ratings, proposed changes to key intervention components, and concerns with the overall intervention.

The round 2 survey presented 13 items, including 4 original items that did not reach consensus in round 1. These items were related to intervention content (n = 2) and delivery (n = 2). Participants rerated these items with the same 7-point scale used in round 1. Six of the 13 items were modified based on participants’ feedback in round 1. These items were related to intervention content (n = 1), delivery (n = 3), and practical/logistical aspects (n = 2). The remaining 3 items were new items suggested in round 1. These items were related to delivery (n = 1) and practical/logistical aspects (n = 2). Depending on the nature of the modified or new item, participants were presented with the same 7-point scale used in round 1 (for modified items) or multiple-choice or 

 options (for new items). Participants provided qualitative feedback on their ratings.

Data analysis occurred at the conclusion of each survey round. Data were downloaded from SurveyMonkey and imported into IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 27.0 (IBM Corp) for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participants’ characteristics and expertise and group responses. Consensus was defined a priori as 70% or more of participants rating the item within 2 points. Items achieving 70% or greater consensus in round 1 were automatically included in the final list of Delphi recommendations. Conversely, items rated by 50% to 69% of participants as 

 were retained in round 2 for rerating. Items rated by less than 50% of participants as 

 were excluded. The qualitative aspect of this study was framed by ontological relativism and epistemological constructionism.

 As such, our assumption is that multiple realities and ways of understanding knowledge exist. These realities are subjective, differ between individuals, and are constructed based on multiple factors, including an individual’s values and experiences. Guided by these philosophical assumptions, we provided opportunities to present participants’ unique perspectives and realities through interpretation of the data and the quotes integrated within the presentation of the findings. A content analysis approach was applied to the qualitative feedback from participants. Specifically, an author (R.K.) read the free-text responses several times and generated codes with a focus on elucidating any reasons for mixed responses or arguments for inclusion/exclusion of items that did not reach consensus. Candidate themes were then developed by another author (A.F.) by grouping codes that coherently reflected participants’ feedback. We compared the qualitative data with the extant literature on dyadic health interventions and the theoretical foundations of PAT-MS so that we could decide whether to include the item in the final list of recommendations. After a discussion process among the research team, the final list of recommendations was developed based on items reaching consensus in rounds 1 and 2 and on qualitative feedback.

Of the 201 stakeholders invited to participate in the study, 2 were ineligible, 6 declined, and 157 did not respond to the invitation. Thirty-six individuals agreed to participate and received the electronic invitation to complete the round 1 survey. After receiving this invitation, 2 individuals declined the invitation, and 2 individuals did not activate the survey link. Thirty-two individuals responded to the round 1 survey (89% response rate): 14 clinicians, 11 people living with MS, 5 MS care partners, and 2 representatives of organizations that provide support services for people living with MS and/or MS care partners. A total of 27 participants responded to the round 2 survey (75% response rate). Participants lost to follow-up were 3 clinicians and 2 people living with MS. The characteristics of enrolled participants are presented in 

For ease of reporting, findings from rounds 1 and 2 of the survey are combined. 

 presents a summary of items reaching consensus in rounds 1 and 2 according to stakeholder group. 

 presents a summary of group responses to the items with multiple-choice or 

 response options in round 2. The final list of recommendations for PAT-MS is presented according to intervention content, delivery, and practical/logistical aspects in 

Five of 8 intervention content items (63%) reached consensus (70%–81%) in round 1 (C1–C3, C5, and C7). Of the remaining 3 items, 2 (C4 and C8) were rerated in round 2 and reached consensus (82% and 85%, respectively) in round 2. The remaining item (C6) was modified into a 

 question. Most participants (78%) voted 

Four of 9 delivery items (44%) reached consensus (70%–93%) in round 1 (D2, D4, D7, and D8). Of the remaining 5 items, 2 (D5 and D9) were rerated in round 2. One of these items (D5) reached consensus (74%) in round 2. The other item (D9) did not reach consensus (41% of participants rated the item as 

). However, given the congruity of this item to the design and theoretical foundations of PAT-MS, the research team decided to include this item in the final list of recommendations. Participants’ responses will be considered in modifying the delivery of PAT-MS (eg, by reducing the time allocated for this item during delivery).

The remaining 3 items were modified and presented to participants in round 2 as multiple-choice items (D1, D3, and D6). Most participants (70%) voted for videoconference (eg, Zoom [Zoom Video Communications, Inc]) as the optimal delivery platform (D1). Participants (41%–100%) voted to retain the original order of the module content (D3). Approximately one-third of the participants (33%) voted to include 2 options to track PA: paper-and-pen journaling and a software app (D6). One new multiple-choice item, added in round 2, asked participants about 

the appropriate group composition for the intervention sessions

 (D1B). More than half of the participants (59%) voted for dyadic group sessions (ie, a person with MS and their care partner with 1 or 2 other dyads in each group).

Two of 5 practical/logistical items (40%) (P2 and P4) reached consensus (70% and 79%, respectively) in round 1. The remaining 3 items were modified and presented as multiple-choice items (P1, P3, and P5) in round 2. Most participants voted that an adequate amount of content was covered in each module (P1, 82%); selected 45 to 60 minutes for the duration of group sessions (P3, 41%); and chose a duration of 15 to 20 minutes for the 1-on-1 support phone calls (P5, 63%).

Nearly all participants (93%) provided qualitative feedback with their rated responses. We present a narrative summary of participants’ comments below with exemplar quotes for context.

Although participants acknowledged the value of including content about PA guidelines to help set benchmarks for PA during PAT-MS, they also acknowledged that they are not universal: “The guidelines are not conducive to everyone who has MS … these suggestions (ie, guidelines) are flexible and general, not definitive – no need to dwell on them” (clinician). Other participants noted that PAT-MS needs to support lifestyle PA alongside exercise training: “…suggest to mention more lifestyle-oriented ways of exercise, indicate other activities that can count, and assure people that everyone is different and that is OK” (person living with MS).

Several participants commended the inclusion of content related to the safety of PA. These participants highlighted the importance of such information, particularly for people with MS, who historically have been told not to engage in PA because of the belief that it can exacerbate the disease process and result in worsening of symptoms such as fatigue: “I find the perspective of exercise as dangerous still persists among clients, especially those not diagnosed recently. Fear can be a significant barrier and addressing it off the bat I think is very important” (clinician).

Participants further emphasized the importance of acknowledging the unpredictability of MS and using a strengths-based approach that highlights opportunities for personal growth and change rather than deficits and problems. This emphasis was particularly relevant to items about motivation, social support, and behavioral strategies. For instance, a participant noted: “Social support is important but as many people with MS lack a social support system and are too tired/fatigued to establish one, too much emphasis on this can be depressing” (person living with MS).

Other comments were related to the importance of ensuring that the additional resources provided in the PAT-MS manual are nationally available at subsidized rates to promote access, particularly for individuals living in small/rural areas: “Too often these services are ‘hidden’ within the community, and no one knows they are available” (person living with MS).

Although more than half of the participants voted for dyadic intervention group sessions, comments indicated a need for the PAT-MS research team to consider a hybrid format that includes a combination of individual (care partner/care recipient alone) and dyadic sessions/activities: “Possibly a blend, where some are specific to the person with MS or to the care partner and some are dyadic. This would allow for certain focus of messaging in the individual groups and then allow the collaboration and sharing between them during the dyadic sessions” (MS care partner).

The use of teleconference as a delivery platform for PAT-MS was a polarizing issue among the participants. Some participants considered teleconferencing “an accessible and realistic approach” (health care provider), stating that “teleconferencing is great for people who need the 2-way interaction” (person living with MS). Other participants were strongly opposed to the idea of teleconference, citing potential challenges regarding group engagement: “It [teleconferencing] is hellish … unsure how the teleconference will work. My experience is that the facilitator will have to ensure engagement of all parties and that can be a challenge” (person living with MS). Several participants suggested videoconferencing with a telephone dial-in option for those with limited or no internet access to promote more group interaction and social support: “Zoom does allow far better relationship building, especially with a small group” (person living with MS).

Participants commended the inclusion of 1-on-1 calls as opportunities to offer additional support and promote engagement during the intervention: “I think this is one of the best options. Having someone who knows what you are doing and can help keep track of what you’re doing is great. Being able to answer your questions and having a bond so you are comfortable to ask anything” (MS care partner). Other comments were related to the need for flexibility during these support calls: “The length of time should differ based on the needs and exhaustion felt by the person with MS or their caregiver that week” (person living with MS).

The purpose of this Delphi study was to engage persons living with MS, MS care partners, clinicians, and service providers as experts in prioritizing and refining key intervention content, delivery, and practical/logistical aspects of PAT-MS. The modified e-Delphi process enabled the PAT-MS research team to clarify any uncertainty within the existing evidence. Specifically, before the Delphi study we had already completed a staged research process

 that identified key components of PAT-MS. The Delphi process was then used to prioritize and refine the intervention content, delivery, and practical/logistical aspects. Below we situate our findings in the extant literature on PA promotion for people with neurodegenerative diseases, including MS, and their care partners.

Overall, the content recommended to include in PAT-MS corresponds with the literature about PA promotion among people affected by MS and care partners in general.

 This content includes, for example, the inclusion of PA guidelines for people with MS and adults in the general population. However, participants cautioned against having a narrow focus on exercise training alone and recommended including content on the benefits of lifestyle PA in addition to exercise. Previous researchers have echoed the importance of a strengths-based approach to health promotion that focuses on a range of enjoyable lifestyle activities that incorporate PA and exercise training for lasting health behavior change.

Other recommendations included providing high-quality information about the safety of PA and strategies for maintaining ongoing motivation; highlighting the importance of a strong social support network for PA; and emphasizing PA as a dyadic coping strategy. These recommendations have ample support in existing literature.

 The recommendation to include behavioral strategies was not surprising, and it reflects current best practice guidelines for developing health interventions.

 Similar to the present findings, people with MS

 have previously reported the need for resources to guide them to available community-based supports for PA. The present findings further emphasize that these resources need to be updated regularly, nationally available, and affordable to promote access for people with MS and their care partners.

In the literature specific to dyads with neurodegenerative diseases, there is growing popularity of dyadic interventions that involve both partners participating together in joint sessions and receiving the same intervention materials.

 Although the use of dyadic sessions reached consensus in this study, participants emphasized the need to carefully consider a hybrid format, including a combination of individual (care partner/care recipient in separate sessions) and dyadic sessions/activities. Participants’ comments highlight the importance of retaining a pragmatic balance between issues, such as addressing individual needs and ideal study designs, and time and budgetary constraints. Going forward, we now plan to include some opportunities for individual activities while retaining the overall dyadic format of PAT-MS. This decision will ensure that PAT-MS retains the dyadic intervention approach and its theoretical foundations.

Participants indicated a preference for group-based videoconference delivery. Although telephone delivery has been one of the most widely available telerehabilitation modalities,

 the current COVID-19 pandemic has increased endorsement and use of videoconferencing software (eg, Zoom) for virtual health care. Thus, this finding may reflect the current health care delivery climate, where participants may now have experience delivering and/or receiving health care online. This finding further highlights the importance of capitalizing on technological advancements that have occurred in the past few decades to promote participation in PAT-MS. Recent research indicates that more than 90% of people living with MS own at least 1 computer or a smartphone.

 Incorporating more interactive technologies into rehabilitation interventions may improve participant engagement in these interventions. Nevertheless, when capitalizing on current technological advancements in intervention development, we must consider accessible approaches that meet the needs of diverse audiences (ie, considering e-literacy, access to the internet, and personal preferences) for long-term intervention success.

Overall, these Delphi recommendations helped us think about the way that we may need to approach discussions about PA in a PAT-MS intervention. The recommendations provide key guidance for future evaluation of PAT-MS in terms of understanding the most important components to different stakeholders and the types of content/indicators to include in the intervention. The findings of this study may provide some guidance for future researchers and clinicians interested in developing and implementing dyadic interventions in MS and other neurodegenerative diseases.

This study is the first to provide recommendations for key components for a dyadic PA intervention for persons with moderate to severe MS and their care partners. Broad stakeholder involvement increases the possibility that the final intervention will be acceptable to all groups.

 In addition, the present response rate is consistent with the literature that suggests a 10% response rate for survey-based studies.

 Finally, there was a high level of participant retention between the 2 survey rounds (~85%) with the final sample size more than double the lower limit threshold of 12 participants.

 These features promote the reliability and validity of the present findings.

There are some limitations worth noting. First, there is a possibility that the views of the present participants may differ from those of stakeholders who declined participation and, therefore, may not adequately represent experts in the field of interest. To minimize this risk, we used a comprehensive recruitment process involving a database of previous participants in the present research studies, our professional networks, and a snowballing technique to identify a representative range of stakeholders to participate in the study. Nevertheless, a small percentage of MS care partners (4%; n = 5 of 149 who were emailed a recruitment letter) participated in the study. The reasons for declining to participate are unclear; however, it is possible that the method of email invitation may not have been an effective or appropriate form of recruitment for this group. It is also possible that the COVID-19 pandemic may have affected MS care partners’ ability to participate during this time (eg, additional time constraints, unpredictable changes in caregiving roles and responsibilities, etc). Furthermore, we recruited care partners for this Delphi study primarily from a sample of participants who had recently completed an online survey as part of a longitudinal study examining resilience among MS care partners with our research group. It is possible that these care partners may have perceived taking part in another study, particularly during the COVID-19 lockdown, as an additional burden and chose to opt out of the present study. Another possibility is that few care partners are interested in this type of intervention; however, previous needs assessment work

 established the critical need to develop a dyadic PA intervention that supports joint engagement of people with moderate to severe MS disability and their care partners. Therefore, lack of interest from MS care partners in PAT-MS is unlikely to be a key issue. Nevertheless, several evidence-based strategies

 are included in the PAT-MS intervention design to ensure “buy-in” from care partners and to maximize recruitment and retention.

Second, the use of PAT-MS intervention development research to focus the survey questions may have resulted in the inclusion of only components deemed to be important by the research team. There is a risk that potentially useful intervention components that may have been of interest to the stakeholder groups were not included, as the round 1 questions were predefined. However, this approach is consistent with previous research.

 Furthermore, given the breadth of earlier PAT-MS development research and the design of the modified Delphi survey that enabled participants to provide open-ended feedback, this approach is unlikely to have had a negative impact.

Finally, although there is a lack of consensus about the number of participants needed for each expert group in Delphi studies,

 the exact composition of the panel can affect the results obtained. We attempted to minimize this bias by giving stakeholders the opportunity to provide qualitative feedback, including rationale for ratings, proposed changes to key intervention components, and concerns with overall intervention. We note that there was agreement across the different stakeholder groups for most survey items. The qualitative feedback was taken into consideration when interpreting the survey findings.

Consensus was reached for a range of intervention components that will allow the content, format, delivery, and timing of PAT-MS to be finalized. The next step in this line of research will involve a pilot trial to evaluate procedures, feasibility, and acceptability of PAT-MS for people with moderate to severe MS and their family care partners.

Prioritizing Components of a Dyadic Physical Activity Intervention for People With Moderate to Severe Multiple Sclerosis and Their Care Partners: A Modified e-Delphi Study

 To access the article and evaluation online, go to 

 The target audience for this activity is physicians, advanced practice clinicians, nursing professionals, mental health professionals, rehabilitation professionals, and other health care providers involved in the management of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

 After completing this activity, the learner should be able to describe the attributes associated with engagement in physical activity in persons with MS across multiple definitions of physical activity.

In support of improving patient care, this activity has been planned and implemented by the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers (CMSC) and Intellisphere, LLC. The CMSC is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education, the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, and the American Nurses Credentialing Center, to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.

This activity was planned by and for the health care team, and learners will receive 0.75 Interprofessional Continuing Education credit for learning and change.

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™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

 The CMSC designates this enduring material for 0.75 contact hour of nursing continuing professional development (none in the area of pharmacology).

 This activity is awarded 0.75 CE credits.

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 It is the policy of the CMSC to mitigate all relevant financial disclosures from planners, faculty, and other persons that can affect the content of this CE activity. For this activity, all relevant disclosures have been mitigated.

, has served as physician planner for this activity. He has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. 

 associate editor of IJMSC, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Authors 

Nina Bozinov, MD MS, Farren B. S. Briggs, PhD, ScM,

 have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

, CMSC, and Intellisphere, LLC who are in a position to influence content have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. 

 CMSC continuing education director, has served as a planner and reviewer for this activity. She has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

Release Date: September 1, 2022; Valid for Credit through: September 1, 2023

In order to receive CE credit, participants must:

1) Review the continuing education information, including learning objectives and author disclosures.

3) Complete the evaluation, which is available at 

Statements of Credit are awarded upon successful completion of the evaluation. There is no fee to participate in this activity.

 This educational activity may contain discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The CMSC and Intellisphere, LLC do not recommend the use of any agent outside of the labeled indications. The opinions expressed in the educational activity are those of the faculty and do not necessarily represent the views of the CMSC or Intellisphere, LLC.

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Although persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) are encouraged to engage in physical activity, they are less active than the general population and experience poorer emotional/cognitive health, underscoring the need for increased understanding of the factors independently associated with exercise in MS.

Six hundred forty people with MS completed a detailed demographic survey, the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire, and Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders short forms. The average number of weekly sessions of exercise was examined as a count, as a binary variable (a weekly minimum of 4 sessions of physical activity), and as an ordinal variable of being active using multivariable zero-inflated negative binomial, logistic, and ordered logistic regression models, respectively. Primary predictors of interest included depression, cognitive function, positive affect, and lower extremity functioning as measured by the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders short forms.

The study sample was 91% White race, 83% female, 65% with a relapsing-remitting MS diagnosis. The mean participant age was 52 years. Across analyses, body mass index and disability were inversely associated with exercising. Greater lower extremity impairment was associated with decreased odds of exercising and being active. A greater burden of depression symptoms was correlated with lower odds of engaging in physical activity. People with MS with higher self-reported cognitive functioning were less likely to engage in any exercise, but it was not associated with frequency of activities.

These results demonstrate associations between exercise and cognitive and emotional health in people with MS, underscoring the need to consider these factors when designing MS-targeted physical activity recommendations.

From the Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA (EET, FBSB); and the Department of Neurology, Kootenai Clinic, Coeur d'Alene, ID, USA (NB). 

Farren B. S. Briggs, PhD, ScM, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Rd, 1312 Wolstein Research Bldg,Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; 

This research uses data from a series of surveys provided by iConquerMS, an initiative of the Accelerated Cure Project for MS, and was made possible through the contributions of the people with MS who participated in the survey. The authors also thank Jennifer Cullen, PhD, MPH; Jin Kim-Mozeleski, PhD; Thomas E. Love, PhD; and Sarah Markt, ScD, MPH, for their contributions to the analysis of the survey data set.

 The authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.

 Aspects of this study’s findings were presented at the Public Health Innovations Conference, May 2021, Case Western Reserve University Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio.

Persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) are encouraged to engage in physical activity that aligns with their interests and abilities because exercise is “essential to general health and well-being, [and] is helpful in managing MS symptoms.”

 Previous research has shown that people with MS who are more physically active report lower levels of fatigue, cognitive impairment, depression, pain, spasticity, and physical disability, as well as improved muscle strength, higher social support, higher self-efficacy for managing MS, and higher quality of life (QOL).

 There is also evidence that exercise may exert neuroprotective effects in MS.

 Although the directionality of most of these relationships is not clear and may even be bidirectional, the evidence points to physical activity having a wide range of benefits in people with MS.

Because people with MS are less physically active than the general population, it is important to elucidate the nuanced relationships that likely underlie physical activity engagement to guide the design of effective interventions for people with MS.

 A key correlate of physical activity in people with MS is the severity of their physical impairments,

 and there is growing literature suggesting that increased cognitive impairment and poorer emotional health (ie, depression) also negatively impact physical activity levels.

 This latter observation is concerning because the prevalence of cognitive impairment ranges from 34% to 65%, and depression and anxiety are found in more than 20% of people with MS.

 Unfortunately, most previous studies have been modestly sized, and many incompletely adjusted for putative sociodemographic confounders (ie, age, sex, and race), which limits inference.

There is also a need to examine multiple definitions of physical activity for people with MS. A commonly used and valid measure is the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ), which can be scaled into the categorical Health Contribution Score (HCS), a measure of health-promoting physical activity in people with MS.

 However, there is evidence that the HCS may insufficiently capture light physical activity.

 Alternative definitions could be informed by current guidelines. The National Center on Health, Physical Activity and Disability guidelines for exercise by ambulatory people with MS includes cardiovascular training (eg, aquatic fitness class, walking) of 20 to 60 minutes at least 3 to 4 days per week at a pace that feels good to the individual and strength training (eg, free weights, stretch bands) of 10 to 15 minutes for 2 to 3 sessions per week.

 Similarly, recommendations by the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines for people with MS with mild to moderate disability include 2 weekly sessions of 30 minutes of moderate aerobic activity and 2 weekly sessions of strength training for major muscle groups.

 Together, the guidelines suggest that ambulatory people with MS should engage in a minimum of 4 sessions of physical activity per week.

To date, no study has characterized the extent to which physical, emotional, and cognitive variation are independently associated with multiple operational definitions of physical activity in people with MS, in addition to accounting for likely confounders. To begin to address these knowledge gaps, we present findings from a cross-sectional investigation of a large sample of people with MS and 3 definitions of physical activity. We hypothesize that people with MS reporting poorer emotional and cognitive health will be less engaged in physical activity, have decreased odds of meeting minimum physical activity guidelines, and, among those who do exercise, engage in fewer weekly physical activities.

Study Population and Variables of Interest  

iConquerMS, an initiative of the Accelerated Cure Project for MS, is an online people-powered research network where people with MS and other MS stakeholders can participate in and drive MS research. Since 2014, iConquerMS has collected data on participants, including sociodemographics, MS symptoms, and Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QOL)

 survey answers via an online portal; participants can complete survey components at different points in time to accommodate their capabilities, as well as update their surveys over time. In 2016, the GLTEQ was launched and, through February 2021, had been completed by 1855 people with MS. The GLTEQ asks about the number of average weekly physical activity sessions lasting at least 15 minutes that are either strenuous (heart beats rapidly, eg, running), moderate (not exhausting, eg, fast walking), or mild (minimal effort, eg, easy walking).

 The outcomes of interest were 3 operational definitions based on GLTEQ responses: (1) a continuous count of the total number of sessions across intensities within a week; (2) the HCS, which is an ordered categorical variable of a weighted score of physical activity sessions by intensity (counts of mild [0], moderate [1], and strenuous [2] physical activity are multiplied by 3, 5, and 9 metabolic equivalents, respectively, which is then summed and categorized: <14 units = insufficiently active, 14–23 units = moderately active, ≥24 units = active)

; and (3) a binary variable capturing a minimum/adequate number of physical activity sessions within a week (0 = <4 sessions; 1 = ≥4 sessions).

The predictors of interest were the Neuro-QOL short form T scores for cognitive function (Cognition Function short form; higher scores represent better cognitive functioning), positive affect (Positive Affect and Well-Being short form; higher scores represent a more positive outlook), physical disability (Lower Extremity Function short form; higher scores represent fewer impairments), depression (Depression short form; higher scores represent more symptoms of depression), and emotional dyscontrol (Emotional and Behavioral Dyscontrol short form; higher scores represent more difficulties in emotional regulation).

 Neuro-QOL is a validated tool for assessing health-related QOL in adults and children with neurologic conditions, such as MS. Raw summed scores for each Neuro-QOL short form can be calibrated to a reference population where the mean ± SD score is 50 ± 10, resulting in a T score.

Several covariates were considered as potential con-founders of the relationships between cognitive, emotional, and physical predictors and engaging in weekly physical activities, including age, biological sex, race (White, Black, other), MS subtype (relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, primary progressive, clinically isolated or radiologically isolated syndrome), season of survey completion (spring, summer, autumn, winter), region of US residence (south, west, northeast, and midwest), and body mass index (BMI) (low, <18.5; normal, 18.5–24.9; high, 25.0–30.0; very high, >30.0). For the categorical BMI and MS subtype variables, missing data indicator variables were used to maximize the number of observations retained for analysis (≤2.5% of observations had missing values for BMI or MS subtype; 

Because Neuro-QOL captures current/recent health state (ie, “In the past 7 days…”) and the GLTEQ pertains to average weekly activities, we limited the study population to people with MS who completed these 2 surveys within a day. We further restricted to people with MS who completed these surveys within 30 days of their sociodemographic surveys and were US residents to minimize information bias. The final study population consisted of 640 people with MS.

Multivariable regression models were conducted for each weekly physical activity outcome. The first model used a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model to characterize relationships with the average count of weekly physical activity sessions irrespective of intensity. This model simultaneously examined relationships for the probability of engaging in any weekly exercise (0 sessions vs ≥1 session via the logistic regression component of the model) and relationships for the count of weekly physical activities among those who exercised (via the negative binomial component of the model). The coefficients of the negative binomial component of the model can be exponentiated and interpreted as relative ratios. The second model used an ordered logistic model to characterize associations for the probability of engaging in higher levels of physical activity as defined by the categorical HCS (0 = insufficiently active, 1 = moderately active, 2 = active). The third multivariable model used a logistic regression model to characterize relationships with the binary outcome of engaging in at least a minimum number of weekly physical activity sessions (0 = <4 sessions; 1 = ≥4 sessions). The positive affect and emotional dyscontrol T scores were found to be highly correlated (absolute 

 > 0.6) with the depression T score and were, therefore, excluded from subsequent analyses because the primary hypotheses relate to depression and cognitive impairment (

 available at the bottom of this article). For the binary outcome, exploratory models stratified by sex, BMI, and physical disability (top 50% vs bottom 50% of lower extremity functioning T scores) were also conducted.

Model 1 and model 3 analyses were conducted in R version 4.0.4 using tools from the Pscl package and the Stats package, respectively. The Stats package was used to conduct correlation tests between Neuro-QOL scores. The Car package was used to examine variance inflation in these models. Model 2 analyses were conducted in Stata statistical software, release 13.1 (StataCorp LP) using the ologit function. The oparallel function assessed whether the predictors satisfied the proportional odds (parallel lines) assumption underlying the ordered logistic regression model compared with a fully generalized ordered logistic regression model (which relaxes the parallel regression assumption) using a likelihood ratio test, a score test, a Wald test, a Wolfe-Gould test, and a Brant test. A 2-sided α = .05 was considered statistically significant.

Ethics Board Approval and Informed Consent

Since October 2014, an independent ethics review board (WCG IRB, formerly Copernicus Group IRB) has approved the online portal content, survey instruments, and informed consent and collateral materials for the iConquerMS people-powered research network. All participants electronically provided informed consent before joining iConquerMS, acknowledging that their deidentified data will be used for research purposes. The analysis of these data was deemed not to be research involving human subjects by the Case Western Reserve University Independent Review Board.

The study population included 640 people with MS who were primarily White race (90.6%) and female (82.8%), with a mean age of 51.8 years (

). The distribution of MS subtypes was in general agreement with known frequencies in the general MS population (65.2% relapsing-remitting MS, 16.1% secondary progressive MS, 11.1% primary progressive MS, and 5.2% clinically isolated or radiologically isolated syndrome).

 The sum of weekly physical activity sessions exhibited a large number of 0 responses; 107 people with MS (16.7%) reported engaging in no physical activity and 245 (38.3%) reported 0 to 3 sessions per week, which are at levels below recommendations. Based on the HCS, 40.5% of people with MS were insufficiently active, 39.7% were active, and 19.8% were moderately active.

Correlates of Engaging in Physical Activity and the Number of Physical Activity Sessions 

Through a zero-inflated negative binomial model, we assessed factors correlated with odds of engagement in any physical activity, as well as correlates of the number of weekly exercise sessions among those who do exercise (

; model 1). A 1-point improvement in leg functioning score was associated with a 20% increase in odds of engaging in weekly exercise (odds ratio [OR] = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.14–1.26; 

 < .001; Table 2), and among those who did engage, a 1-point better score was associated with a 2% increase in the total number of sessions of exercise per week (95% CI, 1.01–1.03; 

). Better cognitive function (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.91–1.00; 

 = .042) and increased symptoms of depression (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92–1.00; 

 = .049) were both associated with decreased odds of engaging in any physical activity but were not associated with frequency of sessions (Table 2).

A low BMI was associated with decreased odds of engaging in exercise (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.04–0.77; 

). People with MS who had a high BMI and exercised participated in 21% fewer weekly sessions (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.68–0.92; 

 = .0019) than those with a normal BMI (Table 2). Males were not more likely to engage in any exercise (Table 2), but when they did, they exercised at a 22% (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.05–1.42; 

 = .012) higher weekly frequency than females. Although age was also not associated with odds of engaging in physical activity, a 1-year increase in age was associated with 1% fewer sessions per week (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.99–1.00; 

Sarah A. Morrow, MD, MS, FRCPC (Neurology)

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