Optogenetics is a technique that uses light to manipulate genetically targeted neurons and has a potential role in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). This review aims to examine how findings from current cell and animal studies in optogenetics may inform and advance future research in MS in humans.

We conducted a narrative literature review of in vivo and in vitro animal studies investigating optogenetic applications in MS, focusing on their potential to enhance therapeutic outcomes.

Our review generated 58 articles related to our topic, and 9 of them were included. Optogenetics enhances remyelination by promoting the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into myelinating cells, thereby easing neural repair in demyelinated regions and restoring normal cognitive function in the animal model of MS. In addition, optogenetics offers valuable insights into MS by enabling the study of specific gene mutations, such as heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies.

This review discusses the future of optogenetics as a potential treatment for MS. This innovative technology may offer an improved approach to managing the disease, offering refined control over drug delivery, remyelination, and gene therapy. Further research should prioritize optimizing these technologies for clinical use and exploring their potential in combination therapies to improve patient outcomes. More research is also needed to reassess any complications or restrictions associated with optogenetics.

From the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (HA); Department of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan (BA); Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Gaza, Palestine (AZA); Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt (MM); Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI (AZO). 

Mostafa Meshref, PhD, MSc, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; 

*HA and BA are co–first authors. BA is a 6th-year medical student.

The authors declare no relevant conflicts of interest.

Ahmed Z. Obeidat, MD, PhD, has received personal compensation for participation in scientific advisory boards, steering committees, and/or speaking engagements from Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Banner Life Sciences, BD Biosciences, Biogen, Biologix Solutions, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, EMD Serono, Genentech, GW Pharmaceuticals, Horizon Therapeutics, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi Genzyme, TG Therapeutics, and Viela Bio.

Hala AbouShawareb, MBChB

Boshra Attiya

Asmaa Zakria Alnajjar, MBCCH

Mostafa Meshref, PhD, MSc

Ahmed Z. Obeidat, MD, PhD

Optogenetics technology focuses on manipulating cell behavior by combining 2 important elements: genetics and light.

Optogenetics plays a role in investigating multiple sclerosis (MS) etiology by providing insights into the cellular mechanisms that may underlie cognitive impairment in MS.

Possible future applications of optogenetics in MS therapy include the induction of oligodendrocyte proliferation, myelin synthesis, enhancing the repair of demyelinating processes, and modulating the severity of MS symptoms.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The characteristic hallmark of this disease is damage and loss of myelin secondary to inflammation.

 In the late stages of MS, the loss of myelin impairs the protection of neurons and the conduction of electrical impulses, leading to neurodegeneration.

 At the time of diagnosis, most people with MS are diagnosed with a relapsing-remitting form.

Perivenular inflammatory lesions, one of the many variables that contribute to MS development, are caused by autoreactive T cells, mainly CD4-positive and B cells. These cells are responsible for neuronal demyelination and the induction of oligodendrocyte apoptosis, followed by impairment in myelin synthesis,

 the production of demyelinating plaques, and axonal damage.

 Although oligodendrocytes are the primary remyelinating cells in the CNS, evidence suggests that Schwann cells (SC) may also contribute to remyelination under certain conditions in the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebrum.

A comparative study evaluated the efficacy of optogenetic stimulation between glia, such as SCs, and motor neurons, in which the stimulation for SCs resulted in higher rates of myelination in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) than the stimulation of neurons.

 These findings may alter future uses of optogenetics by shifting the focus to SCs as a treatment for MS.

 To make certain neurons more susceptible to inhibition or excitation, 3 elements are required: (1) light-activated proteins, (2) light, and (3) a delivery mode. First, the light-activated proteins, called microbial opsins, are delivered to neurons and can inhibit or activate them. The opsins can be delivered to cells by viral carriers such as lentivirus or adeno-associated virus, along with the opsin gene or nonvirally.

 An optic fiber is used to shine a light on opsins (

),as it can reach deeper brain structures; a light-emitting diode is the most effective method.

Optogenetics has been used in several medical fields. In ophthalmology, it is used for visual restoration by altering surviving retinal neurons with a light-sensitive optogenetic gene.

 It also plays an important role in cardiology, including arrhythmia treatment, where it helps restore pacing and recover the conduction system to achieve cardiac resynchronization with precise and low-energy optical control. Photosensitive proteins, which usually act as ion channels, pumps, or receptors, are delivered to target cells, where they respond to light pulses of specific wavelengths, evoke transient transmembrane ion currents, and induce signal transmission.

 Optogenetics might also play a vital role in cancer research and treatment with the development of gene-editing technologies in combination with light-sensitive systems

 and in neuropsychiatry by helping researchers understand the mechanisms and neuronal circuits of depression and pain.

Because the main pathology in MS is the demyelination of neurons, optogenetics can induce oligodendrocyte proliferation and myelin synthesis.

 Current literature discusses how optogenetics can modulate the severity of MS symptoms in the long term, even without continuous exposure to photostimulation, which could be very convenient for the patient and quite innovative for our health care systems.

 Optogenetics provides high spatial resolution without encroachment of brain structures, which could provide safe and effective treatment of MS and other neurodegenerative diseases in the future. This review will discuss potential optogenetics applications in neuroscience and MS, possible combinations with other treatments for MS, the challenges to implementation, and future research directions.

We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for studies published from 2022 to 2024. The search strategy used keywords and search terms including 

. We also included experimental optogenetics trials on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and neurons.

Investigating the Etiology of Multiple Sclerosis

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) plays a critical role in RNA processing and cellular stress responses. Findings from recent studies have highlighted its mutations, particularly P275S and F281L, as significant contributors to neurodegenerative processes in MS. These mutations lead to cytoplasmic mislocalization of hnRNP A1, which alters the kinetics of its cluster formation and enhances stress granule formation. Optogenetic systems have demonstrated that blue light stimulation can accelerate this stress granule formation. This mislocalization and the resultant cellular stress responses may exacerbate neurodegeneration and underlie cognitive impairment in people with MS, suggesting a need for novel therapeutic strategies targeting these mechanisms.

IFN-β was the first disease-modifying therapy to treat MS, decreasing relapse rates and delaying the onset of disability.

 Many immune and nonimmune cell types secrete the interferon family of cytokines. The type I family of interferons includes the IFN-βs that are used to treat MS,

 but the mechanism of action remains unclear. Once IFN-β binds to specific cell surface receptors, there is an increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (eg, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and transforming growth factor β) and downregulation of expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg, IL-17, IFN-γ), which help stabilize the CNS

A downside of IFN-β therapy is injection frequency, which affects adherence.

 A recent trial utilized optogenetics to develop a bioelectronic cell-based wireless implant to deliver IFN-β in a controlled, less invasive manner to improve adherence.

 The device uses immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells, known for their immunomodulatory properties,

 that researchers have genetically modified to express a bacteriophytochrome diguanylate cyclase (DGCL). This enzyme is crucial for the optogenetic control of protein secretion. New opsins have been developed with enhanced specificity and sensitivity to respond to specific light wavelengths, allowing for targeted modulation of specific cells, reducing the effects on normal cells.

 The DGCL is activated by near-infrared light, which triggers the production of cyclic di–guanosine monophosphate. This signaling molecule plays a role in activating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. The device uses rhodopsins, G protein–coupled receptors, that can activate endogenous signaling pathways upon light stimulation.

 Once activated, the STING pathway leads to the phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3, which then translocates to the nucleus. There, it drives the expression of the gene encoding IFN-β, resulting in the secretion of this therapeutic protein into the surrounding tissue. Because the device is wireless, it allows remote activation without the need for invasive procedures, enabling precise control over the timing and amount of IFN-β released based on external light stimuli. The wireless method is superior to the traditional method, which requires invasive fiber optic implants for light delivery and carries risks for infection and tissue damage.

After synthesizing the device, researchers implemented the optogenetic cell device in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model and found that Optoferon cell devices significantly prevented acute demyelination and had clear benefits for treating neuroinflammation.

Another characteristic of MS is the loss of myelination, leading to damage of the myelin sheaths, impairing impulse conduction, and causing axon degeneration. Remyelination could delay disease progression, as it could restore conduction properties to axons, thereby restoring neurological function

 and decreasing the patient’s Expanded Disability Status Scale score. Remyelination is a complicated process that is not fully understood, and effective clinical therapies remain limited. Findings from recent optogenetic studies have shown promising results in remyelination, warranting further exploration.

Oligodendrocytes are the main cells responsible for remyelination in the CNS. Although neuronal activity normally stimulates oligodendrocyte production and myelination

 it is unclear whether activating demyelinated axons could restore function in a harmful environment. To investigate, a researcher used optogenetic-based electric stimuli on the demyelinated corpus callosums of mice.

 The stimulation protocol was 30-second light pulse trains at 20 Hz repeated every 4.5 minutes, which allowed targeted stimulation of demyelinated axons without affecting the overall circuit function.

The data demonstrated that repeated electric stimuli enhanced neuronal activity and promoted enhanced oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes, essential to myelin regeneration. Ultrastructural improvements and increased functional recovery in the affected axons suggest a new therapeutic implication in conditions such as MS (

SCs are the main glial cells in the PNS and can initiate a regenerative response after peripheral nerve injury.

 They undergo various changes, such as changes in the expression of genes related to nerve repair, to promote the repair process.

 SC remyelination was recently discovered in cerebral and spinal cord lesions during autopsies of people with MS.

By exposing glial cells to optogenetics, it was discovered that the amount of calcium ions in the stimulated cells is significant in the regulation of the neural network and synapses.

 This was optimized in monoculture settings.

 Optogenetic stimulation significantly increased the proliferation of SCs, as evidenced by higher counts of bromodeoxyuridine-positive SCs over time.

Differentiation of SCs was also possible by promoting the expression of key myelin-related proteins such as EGR2 and myelin basic protein. SCs not only proliferated and differentiated but also contributed to the formation of a compact myelin sheath when cocultured with motor neurons. This was because optogenetic stimulation increased calcium movement from inositol trisphosphate–sensitive stores and calcium inward movement through T-type voltage-gated calcium channels. This calcium signaling is crucial for both the proliferation and differentiation processes of SCs.

Optogenetic stimulation has emerged as an effective stimulator for axon growth compared with other stimuli, such as electric and chemical stimulation, as these methods lack its specificity.

 Researchers used it in an SC model to study its effect on motor neurons, promoting axonal regeneration and remyelination.

 Motor neurons were transfected with a light-sensitive channelrhodopsin gene, enabling them to respond to light stimulation. When subjected to repeated light pulses (20 Hz for 1 hour), optogenetic stimulation significantly increased the number of SCs expressing myelin basic protein, indicating enhanced initiation of myelination. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the optogenetically stimulated motor neurons had a thicker, more compact myelin sheath around their axons, with thickness approaching in vivo estimates.

Optogenetic stimulation of SCs significantly influences the g-ratio of myelinated axons, a critical parameter for assessing myelin sheath quality and nerve conduction efficiency. The g-ratio is the ratio of the axon’s inner diameter to the myelinated fiber’s total outer diameter. Researchers indicate that when SCs are optogenetically stimulated, the g-ratio of myelinated axons approaches the theoretical optimal value for effective nerve conduction.

 These advantages highlight the potential of targeting glial cells in therapeutic strategies; however, the full therapeutic potential of these findings and the refinement of optogenetic techniques for clinical applications in demyelinating diseases such as MS must be explored further.

Cognitive impairment is a common and debilitating symptom in MS, affecting quality of life. Optogenetics offers a potential avenue for enhancing cognitive function by selectively activating neural circuits involved in learning and memory. By targeting specific brain regions, optogenetic stimulation could help restore normal cognitive processes disrupted by neurodegenerative changes associated with MS.

Research has shown that optogenetic activation can promote neuroplasticity,

 which is crucial for recovery and adaptation in neural circuits. One study’s results indicate that stimulating the prefrontal cortex can enhance working memory performance in animal models, suggesting that similar approaches could be beneficial for people with MS with cognitive deficits.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind hnRNP A1 mutations and their impact on cognitive function in people with MS may pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies. By combining optogenetics with targeted therapies aimed at correcting hnRNP A1 dysfunction, researchers could develop interventions that mitigate neurodegeneration and enhance cognitive resilience in people with MS.

This narrative review covered the potential role of optogenetics in treating MS, specifically as it targets remyelination by inducing oligodendrocytes and SC proliferation. In addition, by combining optogenetics with targeted therapies aimed at correcting hnRNP A1 dysfunction, researchers could develop interventions that mitigate neurodegeneration, enhance cognition and resilience, and enhance memory and learning in people with MS.

Optogenetics can stimulate oligodendrocyte and SC proliferation to repair the demyelination of axons in animal models with MS. Optogenetics could also possibly improve drug delivery, such as for IFN-β, where the combination of 2 treatment modalities could promote adherence by reducing injection frequency. Optogenetics might also play a role in repairing cognitive decline, including in memory and learning, which are often impaired in people with MS. Optogenetics could also be used to study specific mutations of MS, including hnRNP A1, as well as to treat such mutations.

Although optogenetics presents significant opportunities, it also faces technical and ethical challenges. MS is a complex disease with many patterns, so it will be difficult to develop a technology to treat all types with the same efficacy. The need for genetic modification to introduce opsins raises ethical questions, especially about potential applications in humans. As well as the potential of inducing an immune response to microbial opsins, there is also the risk of whether introducing these genes will lead to genetic modification over time. Belgrad et al

 discussed how patterned neural activities can alter the transcription of genes and induce epigenetic changes. One of the complications of such changes is tumor formation.

 Another challenge surrounding optogenetics applications is the risk of CNS infection and tissue damage due to using optogenetics tools on the brain.

 Moreover, the complexity of neural circuits necessitates developing more sophisticated targeting and control methods to ensure intervention specificity and efficacy.

 It is crucial to conduct more research and clinical trials on the efficacy of optogenetics to treat MS and work on minimizing potential adverse effects.

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The Emerging Role of Optogenetics in  Multiple Sclerosis Research

Bladder dysfunction and bowel dysfunction impact up to 80% of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Beyond their physical effects, they can reduce quality of life and contribute to emotional distress for people with MS. Exploring the nuanced, lived experiences of people with MS who have bladder and/or bowel dysfunction is critical to better understanding these challenges. The purpose of this meta-synthesis was to answer the following research question: What are the lived experiences of bladder and bowel dysfunction for people with MS and their clinicians?

This qualitative meta-synthesis included a comprehensive literature search of 3 databases. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were reviewed by 2 reviewers. Included articles were critically appraised, and reciprocal translation was used to synthesize novel, representative themes from the primary studies.

Systematic searches yielded 3664 articles, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. Three themes were identified: quality-of-life impacts, barriers to accessing health care (subthemes: clinician-driven access barriers, patient-driven access barriers, opportunities for facilitating access to bladder and/or bowel health care), and symptom management strategies.

Findings highlight patient embarrassment surrounding bladder and bowel symptoms, limited clinician engagement, and low awareness of intervention options from both people with MS and their clinicians. More research is needed to improve educational interventions, increase access to specialized health care, and understand the perspectives of people with MS and bladder and bowel dysfunction in differing health care systems.

From the Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (LVV, MMM); Research Service, VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO (LVV, MMM); UCHealth Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Clinic, Denver, CO (SP-M); Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (VJB); College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO (HC); Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO (MMM). 

Lauren Van Valkenburgh, DPT, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045; 

We would like to thank Hannah Pollard from the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Strauss Health Sciences Library for her valuable assistance in developing the search strategy for this review.

Lauren Van Valkenburgh, DPT

Sarah Poinski-McCoy, DPT

Valerie J. Block, DPTSc, PT

Heather Coats, PhD, APRN-BC, FAAN

Mark M. Mañago, DPT, PhD

Qualitative findings highlight gaps in patient education, access to evidence-based interventions, and understanding of the experiences of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and bladder and bowel dysfunction across cultures and health care systems.

MS clinicians should routinely initiate discussions around bladder and bowel symptoms as a part of clinical assessment and management.

Urgent research is needed to develop educational resources and improve access to evidence-based interventions for people with MS and bladder and bowel dysfunction.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that affects up to 2.8 million people worldwide and impacts at least twice as many women as men.

 MS can cause many symptoms, but bladder and bowel dysfunction is particularly common. Compared with the general population, people with MS have a 4-fold increased risk of bladder dysfunction and a 2-fold increased risk of bowel dysfunction, partly due to disrupted communication between the nervous system, muscles, and somatic organs (ie, bladder, gastrointestinal tract).

 Within the first 10 years after diagnosis, up to 80% of people with MS experience bladder dysfunction, and up to 50% experience bowel dysfunction.

For people with MS, bladder and bowel dysfunction can present with symptoms such as urinary incontinence, nocturia (voiding overnight), constipation, and fecal incontinence.

 The prevalence of these symptoms increases over time, influenced by factors such as age, hormonal changes, disease progression, and disease relapses.

 In addition, the systems regulating bladder and bowel function are anatomically close and share many neural pathways, making the concurrence of both bladder and bowel dysfunction symptoms common.

Importantly, both bladder and bowel dysfunction can disrupt daily life for people with MS.

 When quantitatively measured, bladder and bowel dysfunction is associated with physical impacts, such as moisture sores, urinary tract infections, increased fall risk, mobility impairments, and decreased quality of life (QOL).

 In findings from a survey study of 7720 people with MS, over 90% reported distress from bladder and bowel symptoms.

 This distress may stem from quantitatively established physical impacts of bladder and bowel dysfunction. However, it may also include emotional and social impacts, which are often difficult to quantify and can be better explored through qualitative lived experiences.

In order to manage bladder and bowel symptoms in people with MS, a multidisciplinary approach is often needed from clinicians, including neurologists, urologists, gastroenterologists, continence nurses, and pelvic floor physical therapists.

 Findings from quantitative studies highlight low referral rates and lack of clinician initiation as key barriers to bladder and bowel care for people with MS.

 However, environmental and personal factors (eg, social support, cultural beliefs, sex) may also play a role in limiting care.

 These environmental and personal factors are often nuanced and difficult to fully capture in quantitative studies, making them better understood qualitatively by exploring the lived experiences of people with MS and their care teams.

Primary qualitative studies are an important tool for understanding unique perspectives in the context of an individual’s experiences.

 Qualitative meta-syntheses are a valid methodological approach to compare, examine, and synthesize these experiences, bringing a deeper knowledge than can be gained from individual studies.

 The purpose of this qualitative meta-synthesis was to answer this question: What are the lived experiences of bladder and bowel dysfunction for people with MS and their providers?

To guide this meta-synthesis, a 7-step framework from Noblit and Hare

 was used: (1) constructing a research question; (2) executing a comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant articles (guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis)

; (3) reading, extracting characteristics, and performing a quality appraisal of included studies; (4) determining how the studies are related; (5) translating the studies into one another (reciprocal translation); (6) synthesizing reciprocal translations; and (7) summarizing all collective findings.

Guided by the research question and assisted by a medical librarian, a comprehensive literature search was designed to examine bladder and bowel dysfunction in people with MS. The search (

; all supplemental materials are available in a PDF at the end of the online article) was built in Ovid MEDLINE and then translated to Embase and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature to include peer-reviewed articles published in English between January 2000 and February 2025. This 25-year search parameter was selected to ensure inclusion of a wide range of perspectives, due to the potential for limited literature in this area. Relevant publications were identified by searching in these 3 databases using standardized index terms, Medical Subject Headings phrases, and keywords. In addition, reference lists of relevant articles were handsearched for any studies missed by the initial search. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence

 review software, which was used to remove duplicates.

Study screening and selection were done by the first (L.V.V.) and second (S.P-M) authors in 2 stages. Both authors are pelvic health physical therapists, and L.V.V. is a researcher with qualitative methods training. Identified titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility with the following inclusion criteria: used primary qualitative or mixed-methods design, involved people with MS with bladder/bowel dysfunction or their clinicians, and reported and analyzed qualitative results for people with MS. Mixed-methods studies were included if the qualitative data could be independently extracted for analysis. Articles that focused on the use of catheters or urinary tract infections were excluded, as they indicate more advanced or complex bladder symptoms that can require different management strategies. If a study had no obvious exclusions, it was advanced to the second screening stage, full-text review, and reviewed with the same inclusion criteria. During the screening stages, any discrepancies between reviewers were resolved through a full-author team discussion to achieve consensus on inclusion.

The first (L.V.V.) and second (S.P-M) authors independently reviewed all included studies, documenting each study’s author details, publication year, country of origin, aim(s), design, participants, methods, and main findings. Any conflicts during the extraction process were addressed through team discussion, with the senior author (M.M.M.) casting the tiebreaking vote. During this process, included articles were appraised by L.V.V. Quality appraisals were guided by the McMaster University Guidelines Critical Review Form for Qualitative Studies, a widely used tool to assess the rigor of qualitative studies, which includes 24 methodological standards rated on an ordinal scale: yes, no, or not addressed.

 In line with the absence of established exclusion criteria based on methodological standards, no studies were excluded from the review based on the quality appraisal results.

A reciprocal translation analysis was used to synthesize the qualitative data from all included studies. Reciprocal translation is commonly used within qualitative meta-synthesis methodology and includes an interpretation of the primary study’s findings through the synthesis of new themes and subthemes.

 Reciprocal translation includes inductive coding of primary study themes with pattern synthesis until final code definitions are reached. Preliminary inductive code analysis was completed by the first author (L.V.V.). Analytical decisions were guided by the consistency of findings across primary studies and by the extent to which themes and subthemes represented the experiences of people living with MS and bladder and bowel dysfunction, as well as their clinicians. The primary themes and subthemes were organized into a chart to recognize patterns, similarities, and differences across the studies. These patterns were then synthesized to develop new themes.

 Audit, memo trails were maintained during all phases of data analysis to document author bias and decision-making conflicts. Finally, for methodological rigor of final thematic findings, an interdisciplinary team contributed to discussions with the first author to achieve consensus for the final themes (L.V.V., S.P-M, V.J.B., H.C., M.M.M.).

The search produced a total of 3664 articles across the 3 databases. The 

 shows the article selection process and results. After removing duplicates, 3127 abstracts were screened for inclusion, 66 studies were moved to the full-text review, and 14 were identified for inclusion in this qualitative meta-synthesis.

 summarizes the characteristics of the 14 included articles. Most of the studies were conducted in the United Kingdom (n = 11),

Qualitative findings highlight gaps in patient education, access to evidence-based interventions, and understanding of the experiences of people with multiple sclerosis and bladder and  bowel dysfunction across cultures and health care systems.

Volume 28, Issue 3

The Emerging Role of Optogenetics in Multiple Sclerosis Research

Lived Experiences of Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction for People With Multiple Sclerosis and Their Providers: A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis

Exploring Factors and Nonpharmacological Interventions Associated With Respiratory Function in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Scoping Review

Examining the Relationship Between Perceived Social Satisfaction, Depression, and Anxiety for People With Multiple Sclerosis Participating in Group Treatment Modalities

Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Triceps Surae Spasticity in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study

A Positive Psychology Intervention for People With New Diagnoses of Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial